ROMANESQUE

Emerged during the 11^th century. Florished 12^th, giving way to Proto Gothic. Slow taking place in Italy, France, Germany and Spain. Political stability, economic growth, reform of religious institutions created an enviroment in which Romanesque art begins.
Revival in Germany (Ottonian Art), Holy German Empire and Papacy, triumpant Papacy, Crusades – reconquest of Holy Land, Sicily and partial Spain from Moors all started in the 11^th century.
Germany Political Power, Strong centralized government in France, Norman rule in East? (Hastings 1066)
Intellectualism in monestaries. 12^th century this moves to universities – “12^th cent Renaissance.”
Most Romanesque art destroyed in East during Reformation and later by Puritanism.
In East Normanism synonymous with Romanesque, bad – other influences: Early Christian, Byzantine, Carolingian, Ottonian and Islamic.